Normalized Authentication Rules

Normalized Authentication Rules detect activities that compromise accounts using authentication logs from any data source that CSE parsers and mappings support. New authentication data sources can immediately take advantage of this rule logic without the need to customize for the specific product or vendor.  

Requirements and prerequisites

Out of the box, the Normalized Authentication Rules support a variety of data sources, ranging from cloud-based authentication services like AWS CloudTrail, VPN authentication services like Cisco ASA, and OS-based authentication like that provided by Windows and Linux. 

For the rules to support a particular product or service, the log mapping for that service must map several fields correctly.

You can check whether a given data source is already supported by reviewing its log mapping in CSE. If it is, you’re good to go. If a mapping already exists for the data source, you can update it as described in this topic. If the data source doesn’t already have a mapping, you can create one.

The mapping requirements are:

Output field	Mapping requirement
objectType	This field is populated as a result of the value selected for the Record Type in the log mapping. It must be set to Authentication.
normalizedAction	Set to logon or domainLogon depending on the nature of the authentication attempt, as described in Normalized Authentication Rules, below.
success	Set to true if the logon was successful, or false if it was not.
mfa	If the log message contains a field that indicates multi-factor authentication usage, set mfa to true if MFA is used or false if not.
user_username	user_username must be mapped to the input field that contains the user identity. If an alternative input field also contains the user identity, that field should be mapped as an alternate input field.
srcDevice_ip	If an IP address is present in the log message, srcDevice_ip must be mapped to the input field that contains it.
srcDevice_hostname	If a hostname is present in the log message, srcDevice_hostname must be mapped to the input field that contains it.

This log mapping for the AWS CloudTrail ConsoleSignIn event meets the requirements described above. (Note that srcDevice_hostname is not mapped because the AWS log message for that event doesn’t contain a hostname.)

Normalized Authentication Rules

• Authentication Without MFA - Detects a successful login where the account did NOT use multi-factor authentication (MFA) to gain access. We strongly recommend that you require MFA to protect accounts in the event that credentials are stolen. If you don’t require MFA for a data source, we recommend you disable this rule, or that you use a Rule Tuning Expression to exclude the data source so that messages from it won’t be processed by this rule. 
• Brute Force Attempt - Detects multiple failed login attempts for the same username over a 24 hour timeframe. This is designed to catch both slow and quick brute force type attacks. The threshold and time frame can be adjusted based on your environment. This rule only monitors events with a normalizedAction of logon.
• Domain Brute Force Attempt - Detects multiple failed login attempts for the same username over a 1 hour timeframe. This is designed to catch attacks that leverage domain resources to attempt credential validation. The threshold and time frame can be adjusted based on your environment. This rule only monitors events with a normalizedAction of domainLogon.
• Password Attack - Detects multiple failed login attempts from a single source with unique usernames over a 24 hour timeframe. This is designed to catch both slow and quick password spray type attacks. The threshold and time frame can be adjusted based on your environment. This rule only monitors events with a normalizedAction of logon.
• Domain Password Attack - Detects multiple failed login attempts from a single source with unique usernames over a 1 hour timeframe. This is designed to catch attacks leveraging domain resources to attempt credential validation. The threshold and time frame can be adjusted based on your environment. This rule only monitors events with a normalizedAction of domainLogon.
• Successful Brute Force - Detects a series of failed logins followed by a successful login. This could indicate that an attacker was successful in guessing a user's password and has compromised the user’s account. This rule only monitors events with a normalizedAction of logon. There is no “Domain” version of this rule–that means Windows workstation logging is required to achieve full visibility for Windows environments.
• Impossible Travel - Successful - Detects two successful logins from the same user with different country codes, indicating possible credential theft. We recommend you add filtering criteria to the rule expression to reduce false positives, for example, known VPN addresses.
• Impossible Travel - Unsuccessful - Detects two failed logins from the same user with different country codes, indicating a possible credential theft attempt. We recommend you use a Rule Tuning Expression to add filtering criteria to the rule to reduce false positives, for example, known VPN addresses.

About logon and domainLogon

There are two normalizedAction values that relate to user logins: domainLogon and logon. This enables CSE to distinguish between Windows authentication events that represent access to a domain resource (domainLogon) and events that represent a user accessing a specific machine (logon). Currently, only Windows domain (meaning an Active Directory authentication setup regardless of client OS) authentication events will have a  normalizedAction value of domainLogon.

This is done for several reasons:

• To account for Windows generating multiple authentication event messages for a single occurrence of credentials being entered.
• To differentiate between instances where a user account’s credentials are definitively being used to log into a machine, such as a Windows interactive logon as reported in event code 4624, from instances where credentials are being checked for access to the domain, such as a Kerberos TGT request as reported in event code 4768.
• To allow for different thresholds to be applied to domain access checks as these events tend to be more voluminous and difficult to attribute to a specific action. For example, a 4768 could be generated when Username1 logs in by typing credentials in on a keyboard or when another user accesses the same host using RDP with the credentials for Username1, but there would be no way of reliably determining which scenario occurred based on the 4768 log alone.

CSE determines which value of of normalizedAction is appropriate for a given log message, using this logic:

• Windows Event Codes 4768 and 4771 are statically assigned the value domainLogon.
• Windows Event Code 4776 is statically assigned the value logon but logic is included in several of the normalized authentication rules to differentiate between an NTLM authentication to a domain controller and to a local account on a machine
• Windows Event Codes 4624 and 4625 use the below table to dynamically assign values (Descriptions are based on official Microsoft documentation).

Logon Type	Logon Title	Description	Value of normalizedAction
1	System	Used only by the System account, for example, at system startup.	\<none>
2	Interactive	A user logged on to this computer.	logon
3	Network	A user or computer logged on to this computer from the network.	domainLogon
4	Batch	Batch logon type is used by batch servers, where processes may be executing on behalf of a user without their direct intervention.	logon
5	Service	A service was started by the Service Control Manager.	logon
7	Unlock	This workstation was unlocked.	\<none>
8	NetworkCleartext	A user logged on to this computer from the network. The user's password was passed to the authentication package in its unhashed form. The built-in authentication packages all hash credentials before sending them across the network. The credentials do not traverse the network in plaintext (also called cleartext).	domainLogon
9	NewCredentials	A caller cloned its current token and specified new credentials for outbound connections. The new logon session has the same local identity, but uses different credentials for other network connections.	domainLogon
10	RemoteInteractive	A user logged on to this computer remotely using Terminal Services or Remote Desktop.	logon
11	CachedInteractive	A user logged on to this computer with network credentials that were stored locally on the computer. The domain controller was not contacted to verify the credentials.	logon
12	CachedRemoteInteractive	Same as RemoteInteractive. This is used for internal auditing.	logon
13	CachedUnlock	Workstation logon.	\<none>